水(shui)壓爆(bao)(bao)破是在炮孔(kong)(kong)兩端(duan)填(tian)充水(shui)袋，中(zhong)間裝上乳化(hua)炸(zha)，炮孔(kong)(kong)再用炮泥封死，炮孔(kong)(kong)間距很大，兩個(ge)(ge)炮空之(zhi)間相距了一米(mi)左右，是常規爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)炮孔(kong)(kong)間距的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩倍，這樣(yang)可(ke)以節(jie)(jie)省炮孔(kong)(kong)材料，這兩個(ge)(ge)凹槽(cao)(cao)又稱為聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)非(fei)常重(zhong)(zhong)要，放置的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置和方向(xiang)都十分(fen)講(jiang)究，一點也不能(neng)(neng)(neng)出(chu)錯，在爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)瞬間，高溫高壓聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流立(li)即(ji)往凹槽(cao)(cao)兩邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巖石進(jin)行(xing)切割，巖石如同豆腐一樣(yang)輕(qing)松被(bei)切割切割出(chu)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)廓線十分(fen)平順，效果極(ji)好，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓爆(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)袋沒有降低(di)爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，反(fan)而能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)護隧道周邊(bian)植被(bei)，減(jian)少地質擾(rao)動，降低(di)煙塵，重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是節(jie)(jie)省炸(zha)成本，在未來(lai)(lai)這項技術會廣泛應用于工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)，降低(di)施工(gong)成本。爆(bao)(bao)破聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管水(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)破較水(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)破，在周邊(bian)眼單循環火工(gong)品(pin)使用量上節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用8.3%，周邊(bian)眼鉆孔(kong)(kong)數量從(cong)39個(ge)(ge)下降為23個(ge)(ge)費用節(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴(pen)射每延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立(li)方米(mi)。

不(bu)成功的(de)(de)事例是(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)，如爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不(bu)倒(dao)(dao)、實施(shi)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)后(hou)沒有(you)(you)按爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)倒(dao)(dao)塌等(deng)等(deng)。這些(xie)事例警(jing)示:從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材(cai)質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路連接等(deng)，只(zhi)要有(you)(you)一(yi)個環(huan)節出現(xian)失(shi)誤，都將(jiang)影響爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)效(xiao)果，乃至造(zao)成嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)后(hou)果。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業無論是(shi)(shi)老舊建(jian)筑物本身(shen)還是(shi)(shi)周(zhou)圍環(huan)境都十(shi)分復雜(za)，這不(bu)僅要求(qiu)認真調查(cha)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)體的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(包括施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析受(shou)力(li)狀況，同時(shi)還要對(dui)(dui)采取技術措施(shi)(如預(yu)(yu)處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等(deng))的(de)(de)可(ke)靠和(he)(he)安全性進行分析，對(dui)(dui)可(ke)能出現(xian)的(de)(de)意(yi)外(wai)情況，應預(yu)(yu)先制定(ding)應急方(fang)案(an)，努力(li)避免安全事故(gu)和(he)(he)不(bu)必要的(de)(de)損失(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)環(huan)保(bao)性越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)受(shou)到人們的(de)(de)關(guan)注，同時(shi)，探索無公害的(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術，一(yi)直(zhi)是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者(zhe)追求(qiu)的(de)(de)目標。設立掩蔽體對(dui)(dui)物體加以保(bao)護，簡單的(de)(de)辦法(fa)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)草袋(dai)、竹笆一(yi)類材(cai)料覆蓋在需要保(bao)護的(de)(de)物體上面;對(dui)(dui)房屋(wu)和(he)(he)機器設備常要在迎(ying)面和(he)(he)頂部(bu)豎立排架，用(yong)(yong)木板或(huo)荊笆上罩鐵絲網，抵御較多(duo)的(de)(de)飛石和(he)(he)較強的(de)(de)空氣(qi)沖擊波(bo)的(de)(de)打(da)擊;對(dui)(dui)某(mou)些(xie)重(zhong)要工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)建(jian)筑物打(da)防(fang)震孔(kong)或(huo)者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)將(jiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)區和(he)(he)被保(bao)護的(de)(de)建(jian)筑物或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設施(shi)隔離開來(lai)。

我國于1983年制(zhi)定了(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)行基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設中預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須進行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡質量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖技(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上修訂(ding)的(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)(zai)《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被(bei)編(bian)入并有(you)所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也(ye)不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以(yi)上的(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡，設計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡坡度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)原則(ze)和參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)路塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗(yan)收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和檢測(ce)方法。無(wu)疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推(tui)動(dong)和促進了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵路建(jian)設中的(de)(de)應用與(yu)發展。

各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時，爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應（地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等）分別核定的大值。專業多向聚能管爆破時，必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體，因此，爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍，并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全，這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專業多向聚能管如何控制(zhi)好這段距(ju)(ju)離(li)就顯的尤為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)爆(bao)破(po)安(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)破(po)地(di)點與人員或其他(ta)應保(bao)護(hu)對(dui)象之間必須保(bao)持短的相隔(ge)長(chang)度(du)。爆(bao)破(po)有(you)害(hai)效應隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)的增加有(you)規(gui)律地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)尺(chi)度(du)可限定爆(bao)破(po)有(you)害(hai)效應在允許限度(du)之內。中(zhong)國《爆(bao)破(po)安(an)全(quan)規(gui)程(cheng)》規(gui)定了(le)爆(bao)破(po)地(di)震安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)，個(ge)別飛散物安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)，以及爆(bao)炸沖(chong)擊波(bo)的安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)。

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)雷管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進(jin)而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所(suo)(suo)需的(de)(de)器材有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管、導線和(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路的(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)形(xing)式(shi)，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)規(gui)模、工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)重要(yao)性、所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及(ji)其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)(li)等進(jin)行選(xuan)擇，基本連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)有：串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)聯(lian)和(he)并(bing)串聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有較安全、可靠、準確、高效(xiao)等優點(dian)，在(zai)國(guo)內外(wai)仍占(zhan)有較大比重。在(zai)大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中，主要(yao)仍是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在(zai)有瓦(wa)斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)環境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)干擾而發生(sheng)早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在(zai)有雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)環境中，不能使(shi)用(yong)普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管。

是(shi)將炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)裝(zhuang)在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)管內，兩頭均放置了(le)水袋，聚(ju)能(neng)管爆(bao)炸產(chan)生的高(gao)溫高(gao)壓射流，讓(rang)水袋產(chan)生“水楔”效應,使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是(shi)在(zai)水壓光面爆(bao)破基(ji)礎上(shang)發展起來的一項新(xin)技術，區別(bie)只(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)在(zai)周邊眼(yan)中安(an)裝(zhuang)專用線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)管替代常規爆(bao)破藥(yao)(yao)(yao)卷和傳爆(bao)線，只(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)七(qi)大(da)關(guan)鍵環節：水袋挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟硬適中、水袋裝(zhuang)填(tian)到(dao)(dao)底、炮泥回填(tian)到(dao)(dao)口(kou)、木(mu)棍逐節搗(dao)固、水藥(yao)(yao)(yao)緊密相連、槽面必須平(ping)行，就能(neng)對控制超欠挖起到(dao)(dao)良好效果。在(zai)推廣(guang)水壓爆(bao)破的基(ji)礎上(shang)，去年9月，水壓聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)破的成果上(shang)，今年更為深入地在(zai)興泉(quan)鐵路大(da)嶺隧(sui)道、牡佳鐵路麻山隧(sui)道采用了(le)此(ci)項技術，積累了(le)成功經驗。