聚能包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體(ti)、引信和(he)(he)支架(jia)等部分組成，其(qi)(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚能包(bao)威力的(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是聚能管爆(bao)破的(de)能源，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越(yue)大(da)，聚能彈(dan)威力越(yue)大(da)；為(wei)得(de)到高爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高爆(bao)速、高密度的(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和(he)(he)壓(ya)裝多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能轉化(hua)(hua)成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)射流動能，從而提高其(qi)(qi)穿透和(he)(he)切割能力。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料必須(xu)滿足四點要(yao)求，即可(ke)壓(ya)縮性小、密度高、塑性和(he)(he)延展性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)汽化(hua)(hua)。大(da)量(liang)試驗證明(ming)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)紫(zi)銅(tong)制作型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)(qi)次(ci)為(wei)鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)形(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣，主要(yao)有軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，如(ru)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)有用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割屬板材(cai)(cai)的(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割管材(cai)(cai)的(de)環形(xing)(xing)聚能罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，這種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)聚能包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心有球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若能在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得(de)極(ji)大(da)的(de)能量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)和(he)(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)兩類型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

我國20世紀60年代利用斷裂力學對巖石損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行過試驗研究，o型聚能管公司為聚能爆破技術應用到工程做了不少理論分析，也取得一些進展。80年代中期開始進行應用研究，以北京礦業學院為代表，著重研究了聚能藥包切割饑理和應用。1987年淮南礦業學院取得“雙面切割器”的zhuanli，1995年又取得“大理石花崗巖切割技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷做過聚能預裂爆破試驗研究，o型聚能管公司但(dan)終因當時(shi)的技術(shu)及(ji)工藝水平的限(xian)制無法用于正(zheng)常施工，但(dan)是他們開了(le)橢(tuo)圓雙極(ji)線性(xing)聚能結構(gou)試(shi)驗的先河。雙聚能預裂與光面(mian)爆破綜合技術(shu)開創輪廓控制爆破新時(shi)代。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷(xiao)毀(hui)以(yi)(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與(yu)人(ren)員和其(qi)他保護對象之(zhi)間的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)應取各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應（地(di)震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波(bo)、飛石、有(you)毒(du)氣體等）分別(bie)核定(ding)的(de)(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必(bi)(bi)(bi)然產生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)、空(kong)氣沖擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石飛散及有(you)害氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計時(shi)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危害范圍，并(bing)確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點(dian)到附近人(ren)員、設(she)備、建筑(zhu)物及井巷等的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一段距(ju)(ju)離(li)就稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)。如何控(kong)制好這(zhe)段距(ju)(ju)離(li)就顯的(de)(de)尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)點(dian)與(yu)人(ren)員或(huo)其(qi)他應保護對象之(zhi)間必(bi)(bi)(bi)須保持短的(de)(de)相隔長(chang)度(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加有(you)規律(lv)地(di)衰減，用(yong)距(ju)(ju)離(li)作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應在允許限度(du)之(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規程》規定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)，個(ge)別(bie)飛散物安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)，以(yi)(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)。

我國于(yu)1983年(nian)制(zhi)定了(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)行基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)設中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)已成為(wei)(wei)必須進行的保(bao)護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的爆(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)上(shang)修訂(ding)的《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)石(shi)基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖(yan)石(shi)基礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)均被編入并有(you)所(suo)改(gai)進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編為(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)(bu)也不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設計邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)部(bu)(bu)位的爆(bao)破(po)(po)設計和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述(shu)了(le)(le)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設計的原則和參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)驗收(shou)檢測(ce)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)和檢測(ce)方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推動和促進了(le)(le)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)的應用與發展。

采用一種抗(kang)靜電阻燃的(de)特種塑(su)料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、異(yi)形雙(shuang)槽聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)，根據炮眼深度可長可短(duan)。是兩(liang)個相(xiang)似(si)半(ban)(ban)(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，半(ban)(ban)(ban)壁(bi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中央有(you)個凹進(jin)去的(de)槽叫做(zuo)'聚能槽"，使用聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型效果好(hao)，開挖(wa)輪廓線平順整齊(qi)，圍巖擾動(dong)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)、超(chao)欠挖(wa)明顯改(gai)善，有(you)利于支護工(gong)(gong)序施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，同時混凝土回填成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)為降低(di)。鑿孔(kong)率減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)30%，大(da)大(da)降低(di)了(le)(le)爆破(po)作業(ye)工(gong)(gong)班的(de)勞動(dong)量:鉆孔(kong)縮短(duan)30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼、出渣量減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)，降低(di)了(le)(le)材料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)時消耗、勞動(dong)效率明顯提(ti)高(gao)(gao)，周(zhou)邊眼爆破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)降低(di)30%以(yi)上(shang)，半(ban)(ban)(ban)眼痕保(bao)留率高(gao)(gao)達85%以(yi)上(shang)。pvc爆破(po)聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要應用于隧道、煤(mei)礦(kuang)(kuang)、鐵礦(kuang)(kuang)等(deng)需要進(jin)行光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程。采用聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)可減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)鉆孔(kong)，擴大(da)孔(kong)距，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)導爆管(guan)(guan)(guan)用量，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)超(chao)挖(wa)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)噴漿，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)半(ban)(ban)(ban)孔(kong)率，既節(jie)省了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)又提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)效率。