我國20世紀60年代利用斷裂力學對巖石損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行過試驗研究,深孔爆破聚能管價格為聚能爆破技術應用到工程做了不少理論分析,也取得一些進展。80年代中期開始進行應用研究,以北京礦業學院為代表,著重研究了聚能藥包切割饑理和應用。1987年淮南礦業學院取得“雙面切割器”的zhuanli,1995年又取得“大理石花崗巖切割技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷做過聚能預裂爆破試驗研究,深孔爆破聚能管價格但終(zhong)因當時的(de)技術(shu)及(ji)工(gong)藝水平的(de)限制(zhi)無法用于(yu)正常施工(gong),但是他們(men)開了橢圓(yuan)雙極線性聚能(neng)結構(gou)試驗的(de)先河。雙聚能(neng)預裂與光面爆破(po)綜(zong)合(he)技術(shu)開創輪廓控制(zhi)爆破(po)新時代。
水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技術基礎上發(fa)展起來的(de)一項新技術,其掏槽眼(yan)(yan)、輔助眼(yan)(yan)裝藥(yao)結構(gou)和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破方式與水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破相同,但在(zai)周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)中安裝專用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管替代常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破藥(yao)卷(juan)和(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管產(chan)生的(de)粒(li)子射流動能(neng)、高壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破氣體應力及(ji)“氣楔(xie)”作用(yong)(yong)(yong),形成平(ping)整圓順的(de)開挖(wa)輪廓面(mian),對控制超欠挖(wa)具有良(liang)好效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果,有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)提升了隧道施(shi)工質量(liang)、進度和(he)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破較水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破,在(zai)周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)單(dan)循(xun)環火(huo)工品使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%,周(zhou)(zhou)邊(bian)眼(yan)(yan)鉆孔數量(liang)從39個下(xia)降為23個費用(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)41%,混(hun)凝土噴射每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)1.37立(li)方米(mi)。聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破比(bi)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破每循(xun)環節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元,即每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)76較元,節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)例達32%。此外(wai),聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破能(neng)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)降低隧道內石(shi)渣塊度和(he)粉塵含量(liang),還(huan)可使通(tong)風時間有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。
光(guang)面爆(bao)破技(ji)術優勢:相(xiang)對(dui)于(yu)傳統爆(bao)破工藝,聚能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)破比常規爆(bao)破具有以(yi)(yi)下優勢∶少(shao)(shao)打眼(yan),少(shao)(shao)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)。節(jie)(jie)約周邊鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)量(liang)50%,總鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)進(jin)尺減(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%;節(jie)(jie)約炸藥(yao)10~20%,雷管(guan)30%。節(jie)(jie)約噴(pen)漿料(liao)15-20%。節(jie)(jie)省時間(jian)∶每(mei)循(xun)環鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)、裝(zhuang)藥(yao)、噴(pen)漿時間(jian)1.5-2.0小時。在安全(quan)方(fang)面利用水沙袋替代炮泥,以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免搗炮泥損毀電雷管(guan)導線,造成(cheng)瞎炮。大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)對(dui)圍巖擾動(dong),光(guang)面效果好(hao),巖性(xing)條件差(cha)情(qing)況(kuang)下可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)超挖量(liang),控制(zhi)巷道成(cheng)型;巖性(xing)完整無(wu)節(jie)(jie)理情(qing)況(kuang)下眼(yan)痕率可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)達(da)到90%以(yi)(yi)上,巷道成(cheng)型好(hao),穩定性(xing)強。布孔(kong)方(fang)式優化成(cheng)多排(pai)掏槽布孔(kong),單次(ci)掘進(jin)深度可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)優化提高10%到15%不等。由(you)于(yu)炮孔(kong)數(shu)量(liang)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)考慮(lv)一起全(quan)斷面起爆(bao),節(jie)(jie)省放炮時間(jian)。
我國于(yu)1983年制定了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖行(xing)基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此,在水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成(cheng)為(wei)必須進(jin)行(xing)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)邊坡(po)(po)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此后在此基礎(chu)上修(xiu)訂的(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及(ji)在《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5389~2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均被(bei)編入并有所改(gai)進(jin),DL/T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)編為(wei)DL/T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)定了凡(fan)是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖石邊坡(po)(po),設計邊坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度(du)為(wei)1:0.1~1:0.75,在邊坡(po)(po)部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計和施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或(huo)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po),并闡述(shu)了光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設計的(de)原則(ze)和參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而且還明確(que)了路塹邊坡(po)(po)光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目(mu)質(zhi)量(liang)驗(yan)收檢測數量(liang)和檢測方法。無疑(yi)該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),有力(li)地推動和促進(jin)了光(guang)(guang)面(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)在鐵路建(jian)設中的(de)應用(yong)與(yu)發(fa)展。