我國于1983年(nian)制定了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破已成(cheng)為(wei)必(bi)須進行(xing)的(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量(liang)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修訂的(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破均被(bei)編(bian)入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以上(shang)的(de)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)計(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破設(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破或(huo)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)原則和(he)(he)參數、安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還明確了(le)路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破項目質量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和(he)(he)檢測(ce)方法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程的(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，有力地推(tui)動和(he)(he)促(cu)進了(le)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵(tie)路建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)與(yu)發展(zhan)。

是由管體(ti)(ti)(ti)、前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)定(ding)格(ge)帽(mao)、后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)堵構成，管體(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)塑性材料制(zhi)成，呈(cheng)管狀，管體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑小于正(zheng)常炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)內徑，長(chang)度(du)可(ke)隨爆(bao)破需要生產，管體(ti)(ti)(ti)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)各有外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)，兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)間有一縱(zong)向(xiang)切縫(feng)，切縫(feng)間等距有加強筋(jin)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)定(ding)格(ge)帽(mao)呈(cheng)傘(san)狀，傘(san)形(xing)(xing)尖有一光孔，兩(liang)側直(zhi)壁內徑有螺(luo)紋(wen)，與管體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑前(qian)(qian)(qian)端(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)，帽(mao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑大于管體(ti)(ti)(ti)，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)堵為(wei)(wei)一封蓋，外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑直(zhi)徑大于管體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑，與前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)定(ding)格(ge)帽(mao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑一致，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)堵內徑有螺(luo)紋(wen)，與管體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑后(hou)端(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)。可(ke)根據炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)深(shen)度(du)采用合(he)適(shi)的聚能管管體(ti)(ti)(ti)，不需其他(ta)工具幫助送入炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)，切縫(feng)方向(xiang)準(zhun)確，兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)定(ding)格(ge)帽(mao)和后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)堵外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑與炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)內徑一致，保證聚能管管體(ti)(ti)(ti)同心，定(ding)向(xiang)準(zhun)確。且利于工業(ye)化生產，作業(ye)安全

水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)隧道(dao)掘進(jin)(jin)作業中的實(shi)際應用。提升光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破水平、嚴抓(zhua)隧道(dao)超挖管(guan)控進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了(le)介紹。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成熟、可(ke)操作性(xing)很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)速度很(hen)快(kuai)、節能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效果很(hen)顯著、經濟(ji)效益社會效益很(hen)高。一(yi)是(shi)要(yao)提高對推(tui)(tui)廣該(gai)項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)性(xing)和必然性(xing)的認(ren)識;二(er)是(shi)要(yao)樹立必須采取聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破的意識;三是(shi)要(yao)堅(jian)持(chi)培訓、示(shi)范(fan)、監督“三位一(yi)體”;四是(shi)要(yao)制定切實(shi)的獎懲制度;五是(shi)要(yao)建立檢查監督機制，持(chi)續促(cu)進(jin)(jin)該(gai)項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)的深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)(tui)廣。在(zai)隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理、科技(ji)創(chuang)新、人才培養(yang)、經濟(ji)效益等方面(mian)(mian)的不足。建議對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)線(xian)基礎技(ji)術(shu)工(gong)(gong)作扎實(shi)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin);對新工(gong)(gong)藝、先進(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)法要(yao)深(shen)入(ru)學習(xi)鉆研;對消極(ji)懈怠(dai)、故(gu)步(bu)自封的思想要(yao)堅(jian)決抵制。

火(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法，導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利用(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)傳遞(di)火(huo)焰(yan)點燃火(huo)雷管(guan)進(jin)而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)(yao)。這種起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法所(suo)需的(de)材料有(you)：導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)、火(huo)雷管(guan)和(he)點火(huo)材料。導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法操(cao)作簡(jian)單、靈(ling)活，使用(yong)方便，成本較低，廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破和(he)掘進(jin)。由于(yu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)(suo)的(de)速燃、緩燃等(deng)(deng)弊(bi)病，在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中事故所(suo)占比(bi)重(zhong)最(zui)大。不能(neng)(neng)多處裝藥(yao)(yao)同時起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法，用(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)直接(jie)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)的(de)方法叫(jiao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。先用(yong)雷管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)，當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波(bo)傳至(zhi)炸藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)時，將炸藥(yao)(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需要延(yan)時分(fen)段(duan)(duan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)地方，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)中接(jie)入(ru)繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)，就能(neng)(neng)達到(dao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)目的(de)。這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破法所(suo)需起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材料有(you)：雷管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)和(he)繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)等(deng)(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路常(chang)用(yong)的(de)有(you)：串聯(lian)、簇并聯(lian)、單向分(fen)段(duan)(duan)并聯(lian)和(he)雙向分(fen)段(duan)(duan)并聯(lian)等(deng)(deng)。

專用多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。濟南多向聚能管科學合理地(di)利(li)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)源，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，對節能(neng)(neng)減排(pai)也十分重要。利(li)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)(de)水平開出(chu)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)射(she)流(liu)效(xiao)應對巖石進行破碎。據專家測算，由(you)于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)應，其能(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比提(ti)升一個量級。